XXXXX, written by XX (1849-1922) was published in 1920, was the first monograph that documented XXXXXX. Most of the materials in this book (especially its Vol.2) draw from archives of the Municipal Council of Shanghai, which provides a reference source for the later studies on Shanghai’s concessions, such as XXXXX and XXXXX. These two books are referred by my research when it comes to discussions on XXXXXXX. XXXXX like an encyclopedia about Shanghai, and the chapter XXXXX mainly shows how Japan gradually replaced Britain and France in controlling Shanghai at the military, financial, and political levels completely between 1937 and 1945. The data of price and population make me have a reasonable argument basis when discussing XXXXXX. Additionally, I would like to put forward XXXX and XXXXX, which were born in the wave of Shanghai studies in recent years. They do not conform to the specifications of intellectual works but turn to the civic culture by oral history. Although they seem to be relatively loose, fragmented and life-style when presenting XXXX, they inspire me to pay more attention to XXXXX.

Current western research related to XXXX , particularly XXXX, mainly focused on XXXXX , with XXXX as one of the representative historians who investigated XXXXX. For instance, in his research of XXXXX, Fu presented XXXXXX by careful examinations of XXXXXXX. The focus on the XXXX was also highlighted by XXXXX, who studied XXXXX. The scholar studied XXXXX in a broader historical context with insights into the situations of XXXXX during the war such as XXXXXX.  XXXXX is another historian and literature researcher who made some contributions to XXXXX with a focus on the XXXXX during this turbulent times via a comparative study of XXXXX. However, after a look at the previous research, it is interesting to realize that XXXXXX instead of XXXX, which may be attributed to XXXXXXX. A good case in point is XXXXXXX, where the author pointed out that XXXXX. Cheng is not the only one of this group of researchers. XXXXX also XXXXXXXXX.

The studies of XXXX generally focused on the following aspects:

Before 1980s, there were two main arguments. First, XXXX were regarded as XXXXX since the XXXX was unique, an argument that could be easily found in archives complied by XXXXXX. These group of scholars claims that XXXXXX. Second, most XXX scholars support the claim that XXXXX . The bone of contention is XXXXX. However, the XXXX were not merely XXXXX , but were launched in a more complex context where XXX and XXXX as well as XXXXX all played their parts in the XXXXX.